Advanced Topics¶
Inplace Execution¶
When executing a workflow step inside another workflow step, it is usually executed in another Ray worker process. This is good for resource and performance isolation, but at the cost of lower efficiency due to non-locality, scheduling and data transfer.
For example, this recursive workflow calculates the exponent. We write it with workflow so that we can recover from any step. However, it is really inefficient to scheduling each step in a different worker.
@workflow.step
def exp_remote(k, n):
if n == 0:
return k
return exp_remote.step(2 * k, n - 1)
We could optimize it with inplace option:
def exp_inplace(k, n, worker_id=None):
if n == 0:
return k
return exp_inplace.options(allow_inplace=True).step(
2 * k, n - 1, worker_id)
With allow_inplace=True, the step that called .step() executes in the function. Ray options are ignored because they are used for remote execution. Also, you cannot retrieve the output of an inplace step using workflow.get_output() before it finishes execution.
Inplace is also useful when you need to pass something that is only valid in the current process/physical machine to another step. For example:
@workflow.step
def Foo():
x = "<something that is only valid in the current process>"
return Bar.options(allow_inplace=True).step(x)
Wait for Partial Results¶
By default, a workflow step will only execute after the completion of all of its dependencies. This blocking behavior prevents certain types of workflows from being expressed (e.g., wait for two of the three steps to finish).
Analogous to ray.wait(), in Ray Workflow we have workflow.wait(*steps: List[Workflow[T]], num_returns: int = 1, timeout: float = None) -> (List[T], List[Workflow[T]). Calling workflow.wait would generate a logical step . The output of the logical step is a tuple of ready workflow results, and workflow results that have not yet been computed. For example, you can use it to print out workflow results as they are computed in the following dynamic workflow:
@workflow.step
def do_task(i):
time.sleep(random.random())
return "task {}".format(i)
@workflow.step
def report_results(wait_result: Tuple[List[str], List[Workflow[str]]]):
ready, remaining = wait_result
for result in ready:
print("Completed", result)
if not remaining:
return "All done"
else:
return report_results.step(workflow.wait(remaining))
tasks = [do_task.step(i) for i in range(100)]
report_results.step(workflow.wait(tasks)).run()