Best Practices: Ray with Tensorflow¶
This document describes best practices for using the Ray core APIs with TensorFlow. Ray also provides higher-level utilities for working with Tensorflow, such as distributed training APIs (training tensorflow example), Tune for hyperparameter search (tf_mnist_example), RLlib for reinforcement learning (RLlib tensorflow example).
Feel free to contribute if you think this document is missing anything.
Common Issues: Pickling¶
One common issue with TensorFlow2.0 is a pickling error like the following:
File "/home/***/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ray/actor.py", line 322, in remote
return self._remote(args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
File "/home/***/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ray/actor.py", line 405, in _remote
self._modified_class, self._actor_method_names)
File "/home/***/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ray/function_manager.py", line 578, in export_actor_class
"class": pickle.dumps(Class),
File "/home/***/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ray/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 1123, in dumps
cp.dump(obj)
File "/home/***/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ray/cloudpickle/cloudpickle.py", line 482, in dump
return Pickler.dump(self, obj)
File "/usr/lib/python3.6/pickle.py", line 409, in dump
self.save(obj)
File "/usr/lib/python3.6/pickle.py", line 476, in save
f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self
File "/usr/lib/python3.6/pickle.py", line 751, in save_tuple
save(element)
File "/usr/lib/python3.6/pickle.py", line 808, in _batch_appends
save(tmp[0])
File "/usr/lib/python3.6/pickle.py", line 496, in save
rv = reduce(self.proto)
TypeError: can't pickle _LazyLoader objects
To resolve this, you should move all instances of import tensorflow
into the Ray actor or function, as follows:
def create_model():
import tensorflow as tf
...
This issue is caused by side-effects of importing TensorFlow and setting global state.
Use Actors for Parallel Models¶
If you are training a deep network in the distributed setting, you may need to ship your deep network between processes (or machines). However, shipping the model is not always straightforward.
Tip
Avoid sending the Tensorflow model directly. A straightforward attempt to pickle a TensorFlow graph gives mixed results. Furthermore, creating a TensorFlow graph can take tens of seconds, and so serializing a graph and recreating it in another process will be inefficient.
It is recommended to replicate the same TensorFlow graph on each worker once at the beginning and then to ship only the weights between the workers.
Suppose we have a simple network definition (this one is modified from the TensorFlow documentation).
def create_keras_model():
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
model = keras.Sequential()
# Adds a densely-connected layer with 64 units to the model:
model.add(layers.Dense(64, activation="relu", input_shape=(32, )))
# Add another:
model.add(layers.Dense(64, activation="relu"))
# Add a softmax layer with 10 output units:
model.add(layers.Dense(10, activation="softmax"))
model.compile(
optimizer=keras.optimizers.RMSprop(0.01),
loss=keras.losses.categorical_crossentropy,
metrics=[keras.metrics.categorical_accuracy])
return model
It is strongly recommended you create actors to handle this. To do this, first initialize ray and define an Actor class:
import ray
import numpy as np
ray.init()
def random_one_hot_labels(shape):
n, n_class = shape
classes = np.random.randint(0, n_class, n)
labels = np.zeros((n, n_class))
labels[np.arange(n), classes] = 1
return labels
# Use GPU wth
# @ray.remote(num_gpus=1)
@ray.remote
class Network(object):
def __init__(self):
self.model = create_keras_model()
self.dataset = np.random.random((1000, 32))
self.labels = random_one_hot_labels((1000, 10))
def train(self):
history = self.model.fit(self.dataset, self.labels, verbose=False)
return history.history
def get_weights(self):
return self.model.get_weights()
def set_weights(self, weights):
# Note that for simplicity this does not handle the optimizer state.
self.model.set_weights(weights)
Then, we can instantiate this actor and train it on the separate process:
NetworkActor = Network.remote()
result_object_ref = NetworkActor.train.remote()
ray.get(result_object_ref)
We can then use set_weights
and get_weights
to move the weights of the neural network
around. This allows us to manipulate weights between different models running in parallel without shipping the actual TensorFlow graphs, which are much more complex Python objects.
NetworkActor2 = Network.remote()
NetworkActor2.train.remote()
weights = ray.get(
[NetworkActor.get_weights.remote(),
NetworkActor2.get_weights.remote()])
averaged_weights = [(layer1 + layer2) / 2
for layer1, layer2 in zip(weights[0], weights[1])]
weight_id = ray.put(averaged_weights)
[
actor.set_weights.remote(weight_id)
for actor in [NetworkActor, NetworkActor2]
]
ray.get([actor.train.remote() for actor in [NetworkActor, NetworkActor2]])
Lower-level TF Utilities¶
Given a low-level TF definition:
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
x_data = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=[100])
y_data = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=[100])
w = tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([1], -1.0, 1.0))
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1]))
y = w * x_data + b
loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(y - y_data))
optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.5)
grads = optimizer.compute_gradients(loss)
train = optimizer.apply_gradients(grads)
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess = tf.Session()
To extract the weights and set the weights, you can use the following helper method.
import ray.experimental.tf_utils
variables = ray.experimental.tf_utils.TensorFlowVariables(loss, sess)
The TensorFlowVariables
object provides methods for getting and setting the
weights as well as collecting all of the variables in the model.
Now we can use these methods to extract the weights, and place them back in the network as follows.
sess = tf.Session()
# First initialize the weights.
sess.run(init)
# Get the weights
weights = variables.get_weights() # Returns a dictionary of numpy arrays
# Set the weights
variables.set_weights(weights)
Note: If we were to set the weights using the assign
method like below,
each call to assign
would add a node to the graph, and the graph would grow
unmanageably large over time.
w.assign(np.zeros(1)) # This adds a node to the graph every time you call it.
b.assign(np.zeros(1)) # This adds a node to the graph every time you call it.
-
class
ray.experimental.tf_utils.
TensorFlowVariables
(output, sess=None, input_variables=None)[source]¶ A class used to set and get weights for Tensorflow networks.
-
sess
¶ The tensorflow session used to run assignment.
- Type
tf.Session
-
variables
¶ Extracted variables from the loss or additional variables that are passed in.
- Type
Dict[str, tf.Variable]
-
placeholders
¶ Placeholders for weights.
- Type
Dict[str, tf.placeholders]
-
assignment_nodes
¶ Nodes that assign weights.
- Type
Dict[str, tf.Tensor]
-
get_flat_size
()[source]¶ Returns the total length of all of the flattened variables.
- Returns
The length of all flattened variables concatenated.
-
get_flat
()[source]¶ Gets the weights and returns them as a flat array.
- Returns
1D Array containing the flattened weights.
-
set_flat
(new_weights)[source]¶ Sets the weights to new_weights, converting from a flat array.
Note
You can only set all weights in the network using this function, i.e., the length of the array must match get_flat_size.
- Parameters
new_weights (np.ndarray) – Flat array containing weights.
-
Note
This may not work with tf.Keras.
Troubleshooting¶
Note that TensorFlowVariables
uses variable names to determine what
variables to set when calling set_weights
. One common issue arises when two
networks are defined in the same TensorFlow graph. In this case, TensorFlow
appends an underscore and integer to the names of variables to disambiguate
them. This will cause TensorFlowVariables
to fail. For example, if we have a
class definiton Network
with a TensorFlowVariables
instance:
import ray
import tensorflow as tf
class Network(object):
def __init__(self):
a = tf.Variable(1)
b = tf.Variable(1)
c = tf.add(a, b)
sess = tf.Session()
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess.run(init)
self.variables = ray.experimental.tf_utils.TensorFlowVariables(c, sess)
def set_weights(self, weights):
self.variables.set_weights(weights)
def get_weights(self):
return self.variables.get_weights()
and run the following code:
a = Network()
b = Network()
b.set_weights(a.get_weights())
the code would fail. If we instead defined each network in its own TensorFlow graph, then it would work:
with tf.Graph().as_default():
a = Network()
with tf.Graph().as_default():
b = Network()
b.set_weights(a.get_weights())
This issue does not occur between actors that contain a network, as each actor
is in its own process, and thus is in its own graph. This also does not occur
when using set_flat
.
Another issue to keep in mind is that TensorFlowVariables
needs to add new
operations to the graph. If you close the graph and make it immutable, e.g.
creating a MonitoredTrainingSession
the initialization will fail. To resolve
this, simply create the instance before you close the graph.