.. _observability-optimize-performance: Optimizing Performance ====================== No speedup ---------- You just ran an application using Ray, but it wasn't as fast as you expected it to be. Or worse, perhaps it was slower than the serial version of the application! The most common reasons are the following. - **Number of cores:** How many cores is Ray using? When you start Ray, it will determine the number of CPUs on each machine with ``psutil.cpu_count()``. Ray usually will not schedule more tasks in parallel than the number of CPUs. So if the number of CPUs is 4, the most you should expect is a 4x speedup. - **Physical versus logical CPUs:** Do the machines you're running on have fewer **physical** cores than **logical** cores? You can check the number of logical cores with ``psutil.cpu_count()`` and the number of physical cores with ``psutil.cpu_count(logical=False)``. This is common on a lot of machines and especially on EC2. For many workloads (especially numerical workloads), you often cannot expect a greater speedup than the number of physical CPUs. - **Small tasks:** Are your tasks very small? Ray introduces some overhead for each task (the amount of overhead depends on the arguments that are passed in). You will be unlikely to see speedups if your tasks take less than ten milliseconds. For many workloads, you can easily increase the sizes of your tasks by batching them together. - **Variable durations:** Do your tasks have variable duration? If you run 10 tasks with variable duration in parallel, you shouldn't expect an N-fold speedup (because you'll end up waiting for the slowest task). In this case, consider using ``ray.wait`` to begin processing tasks that finish first. - **Multi-threaded libraries:** Are all of your tasks attempting to use all of the cores on the machine? If so, they are likely to experience contention and prevent your application from achieving a speedup. This is common with some versions of ``numpy``. To avoid contention, set an environment variable like ``MKL_NUM_THREADS`` (or the equivalent depending on your installation) to ``1``. For many - but not all - libraries, you can diagnose this by opening ``top`` while your application is running. If one process is using most of the CPUs, and the others are using a small amount, this may be the problem. The most common exception is PyTorch, which will appear to be using all the cores despite needing ``torch.set_num_threads(1)`` to be called to avoid contention. If you are still experiencing a slowdown, but none of the above problems apply, we'd really like to know! Create a `GitHub issue`_ and Submit a minimal code example that demonstrates the problem. .. _`Github issue`: https://github.com/ray-project/ray/issues This document discusses some common problems that people run into when using Ray as well as some known problems. If you encounter other problems, `let us know`_. .. _`let us know`: https://github.com/ray-project/ray/issues .. _ray-core-timeline: Visualizing Tasks with Ray Timeline ------------------------------------- View :ref:`how to use Ray Timeline in the Dashboard ` for more details. Instead of using Dashboard UI to download the tracing file, you can also export the tracing file as a JSON file by running ``ray timeline`` from the command line or ``ray.timeline`` from the Python API. .. testcode:: import ray ray.init() ray.timeline(filename="timeline.json") .. _dashboard-profiling: Python CPU profiling in the Dashboard ------------------------------------- The :ref:`Ray dashboard ` lets you profile Ray worker processes by clicking on the "Stack Trace" or "CPU Flame Graph" actions for active workers, actors, and jobs. .. image:: /images/profile.png :align: center :width: 80% Clicking "Stack Trace" returns the current stack trace sample using ``py-spy``. By default, only the Python stack trace is shown. To show native code frames, set the URL parameter ``native=1`` (only supported on Linux). To also dump stack traces for child processes of the target (for example, data loader or multiprocess inference workers), set the URL parameter ``subprocesses=1``. .. image:: /images/stack.png :align: center :width: 60% Clicking "CPU Flame Graph" takes a number of stack trace samples and combine them into a flame graph visualization. This flame graph can be useful for understanding the CPU activity of the particular process. To adjust the duration of the flame graph, you can change the ``duration`` parameter in the URL. Similarly, you can change the ``native`` parameter to enable native profiling. To also include off-CPU (sleeping) threads, such as threads blocked on locks, I/O, or CUDA syncs, set the URL parameter ``idle=1``. To also profile child processes of the target (for example, data loader or multiprocess inference workers), set the URL parameter ``subprocesses=1``. .. image:: /images/flamegraph.png :align: center :width: 80% The profiling feature requires ``py-spy`` to be installed. If it is not installed, or if the ``py-spy`` binary does not have root permissions, the Dashboard prompts with instructions on how to setup ``py-spy`` correctly: .. code-block:: This command requires `py-spy` to be installed with root permissions. You can install `py-spy` and give it root permissions as follows: $ pip install py-spy $ sudo chown root:root `which py-spy` $ sudo chmod u+s `which py-spy` Alternatively, you can start Ray with passwordless sudo / root permissions. .. note:: You may run into permission errors when using py-spy in the docker containers. To fix the issue: * If you start Ray manually in a Docker container, follow the `py-spy documentation`_ to resolve it. * if you are a KubeRay user, follow the :ref:`guide to configure KubeRay ` and resolve it. .. _`py-spy documentation`: https://github.com/benfred/py-spy#how-do-i-run-py-spy-in-docker .. _dashboard-cprofile: Profiling using Python's cProfile --------------------------------- You can use Python's native cProfile `profiling module`_ to profile the performance of your Ray application. Rather than tracking line-by-line of your application code, cProfile can give the total runtime of each loop function, as well as list the number of calls made and execution time of all function calls made within the profiled code. .. _`profiling module`: https://docs.python.org/3/library/profile.html#module-cProfile Unlike ``line_profiler`` above, this detailed list of profiled function calls **includes** internal function calls and function calls made within Ray. However, similar to ``line_profiler``, cProfile can be enabled with minimal changes to your application code (given that each section of the code you want to profile is defined as its own function). To use cProfile, add an import statement, then replace calls to the loop functions as follows: .. testcode:: :skipif: True import cProfile # Added import statement def ex1(): list1 = [] for i in range(5): list1.append(ray.get(func.remote())) def main(): ray.init() cProfile.run('ex1()') # Modified call to ex1 cProfile.run('ex2()') cProfile.run('ex3()') if __name__ == "__main__": main() Now, when you execute your Python script, a cProfile list of profiled function calls are printed on the terminal for each call made to ``cProfile.run()``. At the very top of cProfile's output gives the total execution time for ``'ex1()'``: .. code-block:: bash 601 function calls (595 primitive calls) in 2.509 seconds Following is a snippet of profiled function calls for ``'ex1()'``. Most of these calls are quick and take around 0.000 seconds, so the functions of interest are the ones with non-zero execution times: .. code-block:: bash ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function) ... 1 0.000 0.000 2.509 2.509 your_script_here.py:31(ex1) 5 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 remote_function.py:103(remote) 5 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 remote_function.py:107(_remote) ... 10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 worker.py:2459(__init__) 5 0.000 0.000 2.508 0.502 worker.py:2535(get) 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 worker.py:2695(get_global_worker) 10 0.000 0.000 2.507 0.251 worker.py:374(retrieve_and_deserialize) 5 0.000 0.000 2.508 0.502 worker.py:424(get_object) 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 worker.py:514(submit_task) ... The 5 separate calls to Ray's ``get``, taking the full 0.502 seconds each call, can be noticed at ``worker.py:2535(get)``. Meanwhile, the act of calling the remote function itself at ``remote_function.py:103(remote)`` only takes 0.001 seconds over 5 calls, and thus is not the source of the slow performance of ``ex1()``. Profiling Ray Actors with cProfile ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Considering that the detailed output of cProfile can be quite different depending on what Ray functionalities we use, let us see what cProfile's output might look like if our example involved Actors (for an introduction to Ray actors, see our :ref:`Actor documentation `). Now, instead of looping over five calls to a remote function like in ``ex1``, let's create a new example and loop over five calls to a remote function **inside an actor**. Our actor's remote function again just sleeps for 0.5 seconds: .. testcode:: # Our actor @ray.remote class Sleeper: def __init__(self): self.sleepValue = 0.5 # Equivalent to func(), but defined within an actor def actor_func(self): time.sleep(self.sleepValue) Recalling the suboptimality of ``ex1``, let's first see what happens if we attempt to perform all five ``actor_func()`` calls within a single actor: .. testcode:: def ex4(): # This is suboptimal in Ray, and should only be used for the sake of this example actor_example = Sleeper.remote() five_results = [] for i in range(5): five_results.append(actor_example.actor_func.remote()) # Wait until the end to call ray.get() ray.get(five_results) We enable cProfile on this example as follows: .. testcode:: :skipif: True def main(): ray.init() cProfile.run('ex4()') if __name__ == "__main__": main() Running our new Actor example, cProfile's abbreviated output is as follows: .. code-block:: bash 12519 function calls (11956 primitive calls) in 2.525 seconds ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function) ... 1 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.015 actor.py:546(remote) 1 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.015 actor.py:560(_remote) 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 actor.py:697(__init__) ... 1 0.000 0.000 2.525 2.525 your_script_here.py:63(ex4) ... 9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 worker.py:2459(__init__) 1 0.000 0.000 2.509 2.509 worker.py:2535(get) 9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 worker.py:2695(get_global_worker) 4 0.000 0.000 2.508 0.627 worker.py:374(retrieve_and_deserialize) 1 0.000 0.000 2.509 2.509 worker.py:424(get_object) 8 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 worker.py:514(submit_task) ... It turns out that the entire example still took 2.5 seconds to execute, or the time for five calls to ``actor_func()`` to run in serial. If you recall ``ex1``, this behavior was because we did not wait until after submitting all five remote function tasks to call ``ray.get()``, but we can verify on cProfile's output line ``worker.py:2535(get)`` that ``ray.get()`` was only called once at the end, for 2.509 seconds. What happened? It turns out Ray cannot parallelize this example, because we have only initialized a single ``Sleeper`` actor. Because each actor is a single, stateful worker, our entire code is submitted and ran on a single worker the whole time. To better parallelize the actors in ``ex4``, we can take advantage that each call to ``actor_func()`` is independent, and instead create five ``Sleeper`` actors. That way, we are creating five workers that can run in parallel, instead of creating a single worker that can only handle one call to ``actor_func()`` at a time. .. testcode:: def ex4(): # Modified to create five separate Sleepers five_actors = [Sleeper.remote() for i in range(5)] # Each call to actor_func now goes to a different Sleeper five_results = [] for actor_example in five_actors: five_results.append(actor_example.actor_func.remote()) ray.get(five_results) Our example in total now takes only 1.5 seconds to run: .. code-block:: bash 1378 function calls (1363 primitive calls) in 1.567 seconds ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function) ... 5 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 actor.py:546(remote) 5 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 actor.py:560(_remote) 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 actor.py:697(__init__) ... 1 0.000 0.000 1.566 1.566 your_script_here.py:71(ex4) ... 21 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 worker.py:2459(__init__) 1 0.000 0.000 1.564 1.564 worker.py:2535(get) 25 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 worker.py:2695(get_global_worker) 3 0.000 0.000 1.564 0.521 worker.py:374(retrieve_and_deserialize) 1 0.000 0.000 1.564 1.564 worker.py:424(get_object) 20 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 worker.py:514(submit_task) ... .. _performance-debugging-gpu-profiling: GPU Profiling with PyTorch Profiler ----------------------------------- Here are the steps to use PyTorch Profiler during training with Ray Train or batch inference with Ray Data: * Follow the `PyTorch Profiler documentation `_ to record events in your PyTorch code. * Convert your PyTorch script to a :ref:`Ray Train training script ` or a :ref:`Ray Data batch inference script `. (no change to your profiler-related code) * Run your training or batch inference script. * Collect the profiling results from all the nodes (compared to 1 node in a non-distributed setting). * You may want to upload results on each Node to NFS or object storage like S3 so that you don't have to fetch results from each Node respectively. * Visualize the results with tools like Tensorboard. GPU Profiling with Nsight System Profiler ------------------------------------------ GPU profiling is critical for ML training and inference. Ray allows users to run Nsight System Profiler with Ray actors and tasks. :ref:`See for details `. Profiling for developers ------------------------ If you are developing Ray Core or debugging some system level failures, profiling the Ray Core could help. In this case, see :ref:`Profiling for Ray developers `.